Why 22% RSU withholding leaves a balance due
Payroll withheld a flat supplemental rate. Your Form 1040 uses brackets. The difference is not a mystery — it is a unit conversion problem.
Two different rates
Withholding is an installment system. Tax liability is an annual computation. When vest income is large and withheld at 22% while your ordinary marginal rate is 32% or 35%, the installment is short by design unless you sell extra shares or pay estimates.
State stacking
California’s supplemental rate on bonuses/equity and New York’s high flat supplemental rate are first-class inputs. EquityDue publishes a state table and wires it into the gap calculator so you are not stuck with federal-only blogs.
What the gap number is for
It estimates how many dollars of federal income tax were not withheld relative to a flat marginal assumption. It is not a full tax return. Use it to size sell-to-cover or quarterly payments, then confirm with a professional if the dollars are material.
General information, not personalized advice.